【导语】“bluedream”通过精心收集，向本站投稿了3篇自考美学的小练习，以下是小编整理后的自考美学的小练习，欢迎阅读分享，希望对您有所帮助。
篇1：自考美学的小练习
1．从联想的类型来看，人们常说的“爱屋及乌”、“睹物思人”属于(C)
A．类似联想B．对比联想
C．接近联想D．类比联想
2．审美经验中最为活跃的因素是(C)
A．感知B．想象
C．情感D．理解
3．艺术品结构中的核心层次是( D)
A．形式符号层B．意境超验层
C．物质实在层D．意象世界层
4．与自然对象之间没有直接、显明的关系的意象是( D)
A．仿象B．兴象
C．喻象D．抽象
5．艺术接受过程的三个阶段依次是( B )
A．品，观，悟B．观，品，悟
C．悟，品，观D．品，悟，观
6．柏拉图美学思想的哲学基础是( B)
A．先验主体论B．理念论
C．绝对精神论D．现象学的基本本体论
7．从美学的哲学基础向美学的内在问题过渡的中介概念是( A)
A．自由B．实践
C．存在D．本体
8．主体进行任何审美活动的最高指导原则是( B)
A．审美经验B．审美理想
C．审美趣味D．审美效果
9．倡导劳动说的美学家是(A)
A．普列汉诺夫B．泰勒
C．弗雷泽D．席勒
10．美在审美实践活动中生成的总规律的缩影是( B)
A．审美形态的贯通性B．审美形态的生成性
C．审美形态的兼容性D．审美形态的二重性
11．《文心雕龙》的作者是( A)
A．刘勰B．司空图
C．王夫之D．王国维
12．把美区分为“秀美”和“威严”两大类的美学家是(A)
A．西塞罗B．荷迦兹
C．博克D．阿奎那
13．认为崇高和优美都是“活的形象”的美学家是(B)
A．尼采B．席勒
C．康德D．叔本华
14．悲剧情绪的“焦虑说”的提出者是( A)
A．克尔凯戈尔B．亚里士多德
C．马尔库塞D．尼采
15．“畅神说”出现于我国的( B )
A．先秦时期B．魏晋时期
C．唐宋时期D．明清时期
1.自考《美学》模拟试题及答案整理
2.管理自考真题练习
3.精选《马原》自考练习试题
4.自考《思修》的练习试题及答案
5.自考真题冲刺练习
6.各科成人自考练习试题
7.英语二自考真题练习及答案
8.自考英语针对题型练习
9.精选自考每日练习试题
10.自考每日练习试题(6.13)
篇2：自考写作小练习
例1
Thefollowing passage is incomplete with one body paragraph missing. Study thepassage carefully and write the missing paragraph in about 100 words.Make surethat your tone and diction are in unity with the passage provided.
The PositiveEffects of Owning a Dog on Children
Dogsare the best friend of children. The dog and the child teach each other thingsand they look after each other. Owning a dog can have positive effects on achild’s development. Having a dog develops a child’s sense of responsibility, broadenshis capacity for empathy, and teaches him the nature of friendship.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Anotherlesson that a child can learn from having a dog is how to be empathetic. A dogcannot express itself with speech, so its owner must learn to understand whatthe dog’s behavior means. Is the dog frightened, aggressive, or sick? The childneeds to understand what is going on in the dog’s mind. The result of learningto read a dog’s behavior is that the child develops mpathy. By learning how toempathize with a dog, the child also learns how to empathize with other people.This leads to the child becoming a more considerate and caring person.
Beingconsiderate and caring are important characteristics in a good friend.One ofthe most significant benefits of owning a dog is the example of true friendshipthat a dog provides. A dog gives unconditional love to its owner. A dog willnot stop loving its owner because of a little anger, indifference, or neglect.A dog will wait patiently for its owner to pat its head and say a few kindwords. This acceptance of the negative qualities and appreciation for the positivequalities of its owner provide a wonderful model of how to be a good friend. Achild who has learned to be as good a friend to others as his dog is to himwill have learned one of the most valuable lessons in life.
Theseare some of the most important lessons a child will ever learn. The benefits ofowning a dog will last in the child’s entire lifetime. The understanding andappreciation of responsibility, empathy, and friendship that a child developsfrom the experience of having a dog will help him or her grow into a reliable,caring, and mature adult.
答案：
Having a dog helps achild learn how to act responsibly. As a dog owner, the child must take care ofthe animal’s daily needs. The dog must be fed and exercised every day. The dogis completely dependent on its owner for all its needs, including the need forgood health and a safe environment. If the child forgets any of theseresponsibilities, or ignores any of the dog’s needs, the dog will suffer. Thisteaches the child that his responsibility to the dog is more important than hisdesire to play with his toys, talk on the phone, or watch TV.
例2
Thefollowing passage is incomplete with one body paragraph missing. Study thepassage carefully and write the missing paragraph in about 100 words. Make surethat your tone and diction are in unity with the passage provided。
The Doubt That Haunts
When most people areasked to produce something creative, they freeze. They panic. They choke. Theyseize up with self-doubt “Creativity?” they say. “Not me!” If you disbelievethis statement, consider how often you try new things in your life. How readilydo you try something creative, such as writing, drawing or singing? Most of usbelieve we can’t create and have believed it for so long that the belief hasbecome reality. People possess a large capacity for self-doubt about theircreative ability in terms of writing, drawing, and music.
Writing offers aclassic example. About 90 percent of adults believe they cannot write, althoughnearly all young children believe they can write. Self-doubt seems to creep inas we grow older. I witnessed this last year in a college writing class whenthe instructor asked the students if they ever wrote outside of school. Onestudent raised his hand. When the instructor asked how many students thought ofthemselves as writers, no students―zero out of twenty―raised a hand. Bycontrast, a first grade teacher had asked her students the same questions andreceived quite different responses. Did any first graders write outside ofschool? Twenty out of twenty-two hands shot up. Did any first graders think ofthemselves as writers? Twenty-two out of twenty-two hands went up. Plainly,adults are more self-conscious about their creativity than children are.
Drawing is anothercreative ability that many adults doubt they have. For instance, at a recentfamily party I suggested we play “Pictionary,” which involves drawing clues forsecret words. “Absolutely not!” my family said “We can’t draw.” The interestingpart, however, is that we played “Pictionary” and had a wonderful time withsome very creative drawings. This experience showed me that people often doubtthey can be creative because they haven’t tried.
Self-doubt aboutcreativity in areas such as writing, drawing, or music seems nearly universalamong adults. It seems probable, however, that almost all adults have thecapacity for creativity in those areas. People all have the potential to becreative and would be able to express their creative side as long as they try.What keeps people from being creative? In my opinion y people are afraid oflooking inept, so they hesitate to try creative things. If people would learnto do things to please themselves rather than to please others, maybe theirdoubts would disappear.
答案：
Self-doubt aboutmusical ability is also common. For example, at sporting events where thenational anthem is sung, many people just mouth or whisper the words, eventhough in such a crowd their individual voices would not be heard. Recently,however, I was at a football game when the electricity failed and thetape-recorded national anthem could not be played. The crowd sang without accompanimentand sounded pretty good, though nearly all of them were convinced that theycouldn’t “carry a tune in a bucket.” Obviously many people doubt they can becreative because they fear the results will not be perfect.
例3
The following passage is incomplete with one paragraph missing. Studythe passage carefully and write the missing paragraph in about 100 words. Makesure that your tone and diction are in unity with the passage provided.
Enjoying Your Camping Trip
Each year, thousands ofpeople choose to spend their vacations camping in the tent in the greatoutdoors. With proper planning the experience can be gratifying. Even with thebest planning, however, tent camping can be an extremely frustrating experiencedue to uncontrolled factors such as bad weather, wildlife encounters, andequipment failures.
Nothing can dampen theexcited anticipation of camping more than a dark, rainy day. After reachingtheir destination, campers must then “set up camp” in the downpour. Thisincludes keeping the inside of the tent dry and free from mud, getting thesleeping bags situated properly, and protecting food from the downpour. Windmixed with rain can result in frigid temperatures, causing any outsideactivities to be delayed. Often, tents are blown down by the wind, and campershave to begin the frustrating task of “setting up camp” in the downpour.
Another problem likely to befaced during a camping trip is nm-ins with wildlife, which range from mildlyannoying to dangerous. Minor inconveniences include mosquitoes and ants. Theswarming of mosquitoes can literally drive annoyed campers indoors. Ants do notusually attack campers, but keeping them out of the food can be quite aninconvenience. In addition to swarming the food, ants inside a tent can crawlinto sleeping bags and clothing. Although these insects cause minor discomfort,some wildlife encounters are potentially dangerous. There are many poisonoussnakes in the woods. An encounter between an unwary camper and a surprisedsnake can prove to be fatal.
Perhaps the least seriouscamping troubles are equipment failures; these troubles often plague peoplecamping for the first time. They arrive at the campsite at night andhaphazardly set up their tent. They then settle down for a peaceful night’srest. Sometime during the night the campers are awakened by a huge crash. Thetent has fallen down. Sleepily, they proceed to set up the tent in the rain. Inthe morning, everyone emerges from the tent, except for two. Their sleeping bagzippers have gotten caught. Finally, after fifteen minutes of struggling, theyfree themselves, only to realize another problem. Their sleeping bags have beentouching the sides of the tent. Since a tent is only waterproof if the sidesare not touched, the sleeping bags and clothing are all drenched.
答案：
Camping is a favoritepastime of people in many countries, yet these three types of camping troublescan strike campers almost anywhere no matter how well they have planned for thecamping in advance. Until some brilliant scientist invents a weather machine tocontrol bad weather or a wonder drug to keep away wildlife, unlucky camperswill continue to shake their fists in frustration. More than likely, equipmentfailures will continue to be a bother. If you want camping to be a happyexperience for you, learn to laugh at leaky tents, bad weather and bugs.
篇3：人力资源开发与管理自考小练习
案例分析题
经济危机的发生导致社会总体需求不足，引起企业销售收入下降，利润减少，平均成本上升，企业盈利能力下降，开工不足，甚至出现停工等现象。人力资源战略是实现企业经营战略的方法和手段，面对宏观经济环境的变化，企业的人力资源战略必须随之而变。
一、实施紧缩战略，集约化管理
经济危机的发生，企业必然会采取紧缩战略，业务范围收缩，新项目停止，海外市场撤回，人员的分流安置成了首要的选择，外资企业大都选择了裁员，其实裁员并不是最佳的选择。外资企业之所以选择裁员是因为他有很好的条件来吸引人才，而外资企业的文化也决定了裁员是一种简单高效的选择；而在国有企业和民营企业里，裁员或许是不得已的选择而不是最优、最先的选择。紧缩战略应该做到以下几点：
1．认真盘点现有的人力资源存量，根据业务战略的调整对现有的人力资源进行结构性的调整，消除企业在扩张时期、快速发展时期的不合理配置。对富余的人员进行逐步分流处理，先简单岗位后技术含量相对较高的岗位，逐步分流，以达到人员总量的平衡。
2．停止招聘，严格控制人员的流入，尤其是简单岗位、重复劳动岗位的人员招聘。把招聘变成战略人才的储备行动，经济危机也是战略人才引入和储备的机会，经济景气的时候企业急需的高端人才很难引入，这个时候或许是个很好的时机，抓住机会做好战略人才的引入工作。
3．优化业务流程，实施瘦身行动。随着业务战略的调整，企业必须及时调整组织架构，使组织架构更加紧凑，灵活高效，以提高反应速度与市场应变能力。
4．在人才储备和培养上变专门培养为岗位培养，变内部储备为外部储备，减少和停止岗位外的培训和训练，停止学历教育等等。压缩培训规模，以内部培训为主，以业务技能培训为主。
5．停止调薪，优化薪酬结构，严格控制人工成本总额。通过业务战略的调整提高人均产出，降低人均人工成本。停止例行的加薪和额外的奖励。控制计划外福利开支。
6．实施集约化管理，将平时分散在各分支机构的培训、咨询等项目集中起来统一管理，统一审批，防止意外开支的发生。
二、精细化管理才能提升竞争力
大多数企业的HR在企业快速发展过程中主要精力集中在人才的招聘配置上，无暇顾及人力资源的发展、保持和激励政策的研究。经济危机的发生，减少了招聘量，我们可以腾出时间来更好的研究人力资源的配置、员工的职业生涯的规划、员工发展的评估、激励政策，把一些人力资源的核心业务进行精耕细作，夯实基础。优化流程，完善人力资源的日常运营体系，提高运行效率，为企业战略的实现提供切实的保障。
三、强化培训是强身健体的最好选择
在经济不景气的时候，企业的订单不足，开工量不足，闲余时间相对较多，这个时候是企业狠抓内部培训的大好时机，精心策划认真组织企业内部的岗位培训。通过培训，提高员工的思想素质，统一认识，提高凝聚力，通过认真分析和总结不足与差距，提高业务技能，提高人均产出和效率进而提高人力资源的投资回报率。
四、企业文化建设，“稳定压倒一切，团结就是力量!”
经济危机中，企业文化建设尤为重要。经济危机并不可怕，可怕的是精神危机，信念危机。因此，这时的企业文化建设，应该加强与员工的沟通与交流，保持沟通渠道的畅通，让员工及时了解经济危机对企业经营带来的影响，让员工理解企业所采取的紧缩的策略与政策。同时在人力资源战略上要树立“稳定压倒一切”的理念，要确保企业经营的相对稳定，员工情绪精神状态的相对稳定，切忌采取极端的过激的政策，以免引起员工队伍的动荡和情绪的波动，进而影响产品质量和经营业绩对企业造成自身的伤害。要多组织积极向上的文化活动，提高员工的凝聚力，统一员工的思想，只要上下同心，团结一致就能抵御经济危机的影响，共同战胜困难，走出冬天，迎接明媚的春光!
问题：
(1)上述材料中，在全球面临经济危机的环境下，人力资源管理与开发遇到了哪些困境与问
题?
(2)企业在人力资源管理方面应该如何应对与解决这些问题，谈谈你的看法。
答案：
1.上述材料中体现的人力资源管理与开发遇到的困境和问题是：由于经济危机导致社会总体需求不足，人力资源战略作为实现企业经营战略的方法和手段必须进行适当的调整，主要的表现就是人员的分流安置问题，具体包括以下几个方面：冗余人员的处置问题、被裁员工的关系管理问题、现有员工的情绪安抚问题、现有人力资源存量的结构调整问题、招聘战略及业务流程的调整问题、培训及薪酬的调整问题。
2.企业可以在人力资源管理方面做出适当的调整以应对经济危机的挑战。具体的方法和措施如下：
（1）认真盘点现有的人力资源存量，根据业务战略的调整对现有的人力资源进行结构性调整，对富裕的人员进行逐步分流处理；
（2）停止招聘，严格控制人员的流入，尤其是简单岗位重复劳动岗位的人员的招聘，同时要抓住机会做好战略人才的引入工作；
（3）在人才储备和培养上变专门培养为岗位培养，变内部储备为外部储备，减少和停止岗位外的培训和训练，停止学历教育等；
（4）停止调薪，优化薪酬结构，严格控制人工成本总，停止例行的加薪和额外的奖励，控制计划外福利开支；
（5）腾出时间更好的研究人力资源的配置，员工的职业生涯绘画，员工发展的评估，激励政策的研究，把人力资源的核心业务进行精耕细作，夯实基础，优化流程，完善人力资源的日常运营体系，提高运行效率；
（6）狠抓内部培训，精心策划认真组织企业内部的岗位培训，通过培训提高员工的思想素质，统一认识，提高凝聚力，通过认真分析和总结不足与差距提高业务技能。
（7）加强与员工的沟通与交流，保持沟通渠道的畅通，让员工及时了解经济危机对企业经营带来的影响，让员工理解企业所采取的紧缩策略与政策，同时在人力资源战略上要树立“稳定压倒一切”的理念，确保企业经营及员工情绪精神状态的相对稳定。
[人力资源开发与管理自考小练习]
★ 小练习作文
★ 美学论文
★ 划分句子的小练习
★ 自考自我鉴定范文
★ 自考自我鉴定
★ 自考论文格式范文
★ 美学散步读后感
★ 美学概论论文
★ 美学原理论文
自考美学的小练习（锦集3篇）
